
Publications
Statistics
- Francis, G. & Thunell, E. (2022). Excess Success in Articles on Object-Based Attention. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics. online text. Analysis files are at the Open Science Framework.
- Francis, G. & Jakicic, V. (2022). Equivalent statistics for one-sample t-tests. Behavior Research Methods. There is an on-line app that converts between the different statistics.
- Bauer, P. J. & Francis, G. (2021). Expression of concern: Is it light or dark? Recalling moral behavior changes perception of brightness. Psychological Science, 32(12), 2042–2043.
- Francis, G. (2021). Letter to the Editors of Psychological Science: Resolving Inconsistencies With Data Gleaning: Regarding Bauer and Ariely (2021). Psychological Science. Listed as supplemental material at https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/09567976211035782
- Francis, G. & Thunell, E. (in press). Data Detective Methods for Revealing Questionable Research Practices. In (Eds.) S. Lilienfeld, A. Masuda, & W. O'Donohue Clinical Psychology and Questionable Research Practices, Spring.
- Francis, G. & Thunell, E. (2021). Reversing Bonferroni. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, Online first publication.
- Francis, G. & Thunell, E. (2020). Excess success in "Don't count calorie labeling out: Calorie counts on the left side of menu items lead to lower calorie food choices". Meta-Psychology, 4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15626/MP.2019.2266.
- Francis, G. & Thunell, E. (2019). Excess Success in "Ray of hope: Hopelessness Increases Preferences for Brighter Lighting". Collabra: Psychology, 5(1), 22. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.213.
- Francis, G. (2019). Hypothesis testing reconsidered. In J. Enns (Ed.) Cambridge Elements of Perception.
- Herzog, M. H., Francis, G. & Clarke, A. M. (2019). The essentials of statistics and experimental design for everyone with many examples from medicine and bioengineering: How to not lie with statistics, Springer Publishing.
- Francis, G. (2018). The various roles of replication in scientific research. In V. Zeigler-Hill and T. Shackelford (Eds.) The SAGE Handbook of Personality and Individual Differences: Part 2 Research Strategies for Studying Personality and Individual Differences. Argues that replication is largely misunderstood in sciences that depend on statistics.
- Francis, G. (2018). Excess success for a study on visual search and autism: Motivation to change how scientists analyse data. In E. B. Torres and C. Whyatt (Eds.) Autism: The Movement Sensing Perspective. Explores rather unbelievable results/conclusions in Gilga et al. (2015) to motivate better ways to analyze data.
- Francis, G. & Clarke, A. M. (2017). Electronic response to Zelano et al. Nasal Respiration Entrains Human Limbic Oscillations and Modulates Cognitive Function Journal of Neuroscience, 36 (49) 12448-12467; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2586-16.2016. Argues that the behavioral studies in the original paper appear to have excess success.
- Francis, G. (2017). Comment on: Conceptualizing and evaluating the replication of research results, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 69, 241-243. This comment corrects some errors and challenges some ideas in Fabrigar and Wegener (2016). They wrote a response.
- Francis, G. (in press). Equivalent statistics and data interpretation, Behavior Research Methods. The software mentioned in the text is available at the Open Science Framework. There is also an on-line app that converts between most of the different statistics.
- Francis, G. (2016). Implications of “too good to be true” for replication, theoretical claims, and experimental design: An example using prominent studies of racial bias, Frontiers in Psychology. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01382. This is an invited Focused Review based (in part) on the ideas in Francis (2015).
- Francis, G. (2016). Confirming the appearance of excess success: Reply to van Boxtel and Koch (2016), Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23, 2010-2013. Springer online first. This comment corrects some errors and challenges the arguments in van Boxtel and Koch (2016), which was itself a comment on Francis (2014).
- Francis, G. (2015). Excess success for three related papers on racial bias, Frontiers in Psychology: Personality and Social Psychology, 6:512.
- Francis, G., Tanzman, J. & Matthews, W. J. (2014). Excess success for psychology articles in the journal Science, PLOS One, 9(12): e114255. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114255.
- Francis, G. (2014). Too much success for recent groundbreaking epigenetic experiments. Genetics, 198(2), 449-451. Downlaod from the journal. Also see the commentary from a senior editor of the journal and a reply by Dias and Ressler.
- Francis, G. (2014). The frequency of excess success for articles in Psychological Science. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 21, 1180-1187. Download from the journal.
- Francis, G. (2013). We should focus on the biases that matter: A reply to commentaries. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 57, 190-195. Download from journal web site, preprint This article replies to commentaries that were generated in response to the JMP target article listed below. The commentaries include: Morey, Vandekerckhove et al., Ioannidis, Simonsohn, Gelman, and Johnson.
- Francis, G. (2013). Replication, statistical consistency, and publication bias. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 57, 153-169. Download from the journal web site. A preprint is also available. The journal will publish commentaries from several statistical experts.
- Francis, G. (2013). We don't need replication, but we do need more data. European Journal of Personality. 27, 125-126. This article is one of several invited commentaries on a target article. Downloaded from the journal web site. See the "Special Issue Article" and "Comment and Response".
- Francis, G. (2013). Publication bias in "Red, Rank, and Romance in Women Viewing Men" by Elliot et al. (2010). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142, 292-296. The original authors do write a reply. The tone is good, but it does not address how the originally reported results might have been biased. My response is on PubMed Commons.
- Francis, G. (2012). The psychology of replication and replication in psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(6), 580-589. doi: 10.1177/1745691612459520 Also be sure to read the
reply from Galak and Meyvis. They admit to having a file-drawer of weaker studies, but (strangely) suggest that it does not matter.
- Francis, G. (2012). Publication bias and the failure of replication in experimental psychology. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19(6), 975-991. doi: 10.3758/s13423-012-0322-y
- Francis, G. (2012). Follow the argument where it leads: Simonsohn’s criticisms on publication bias critiques are unfounded. This manuscript is a rebuttal of a "working paper" that Uri Simonsohn posted on his web site. A variation of Simonsohn's paper has been accepted in Perspectives on Psychological Science. I wrote a comment that reflects many of the same ideas.
- Francis, G. (2012). Evidence that publication bias contaminated studies relating social class and unethical behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109:E1587. doi:10.1073/pnas.1203591109 . Note the link below the article to a reply by Piff et al. PNAS does not allow for back-and-forth discussion, but please read my rebuttal to the counterarguments from Piff et al.
- Francis, G. (2012). Replication Initiative: Beware Misinterpretation. Science, 336(6083), 802. DOI:10.1126/science.336.6083.802-a
- Francis, G. (2012). The same old New Look: Publication bias in a study of wishful seeing. i-Perception, 3(3), 176-178. DOI: 10.1068/i0519ic . Be sure to read the reply by Balcetis and Dunning and my rebuttal. (The reply and rebuttal seem to have been misplaced when the journal was taken over by a different company.)
- Francis, G. (2012). Too good to be true: Publication bias in two prominent studies from experimental psychology. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19, 151-156. DOI 10.3758/s13423-012-0227-9
Talks
I've given several talks related to publication bias. Here are some that have been recorded and posted on the web.
- Francis (2013). The failure of successful replication in psychology. Beyond Questionable Research Practices: Symposium on Good Research Practice in Behavioral Sciences. February 5, 2013. I'm in the fourth video (but the others are worth a watch as well). The talk slides are also available for download. (As of 19 November 2014, the site seems to be down, but a direct link to the video seems to work.)
- Francis (2012). We're all doing it wrong. Special Session: Improving the Quality of Psychological Science. 2012 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Psychonomic Society. November 16, 2012. My talk starts at around 20:30, but the other talks are worth watching as well.
Visual perception
- Kon, M. & Francis, G. (in press). Perceptual Grouping Strategies and Texture Segmentation: Strategic Connections and Selection. Vision Research.
- Kon, M. & Francis, G. (2022). Perceptual Grouping Strategies in a Letter Identification Task: Strategic Connections, Selection, and Segmentation. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, journal website.
- Kon, M. & Francis, G. (2022). Cortical Circuits for Top-down Control of Perceptual Grouping. Neural Networks, 151, 190-210. journal website. After we corrected the page proofs, the journal messed up the link to the OSF for the simulation source code. Here is the correct link https://osf.io/3kmzc/.
- Bornet, A., Doerig, A., Herzog, M. H., Francis, G., & Van der Burg, E. (2021). Shrinking Bouma’s window: Models of crowding in dense displays. PLOS Computational Biology. 17(7): e1009187. access at the journal website.
- Bornet, A., Kaiser, J., Kroner, A., Falotico, E., Ambrosano, A., Cantero, K., Herzog, M. H. & Francis, G. (in press). Running large-scale simulations on the Neurorobotics Platform to understand vision - the case of visual crowding , Frontiers in Neurorobotics. access at the journal website.
- Francis, G., Cummins, B., Kim, J., Grzeczkowski, L. & Thunell, E. (2019). The moon size illusion does not improve perceptual judgments, Consciousness & Cognition, 73. access at the journal website.
- Yeonan-Kim, J. & Francis, G. (2019). Retinal spatiotemporal dynamics on emergence of visual persistence and afterimages, Psychological Review, 126(3), 374-394.
- Doerig, A., Bornet, A., Rosenholtz, R., Francis, G., Clarke, A.M. & Herzog, M.H. (2019). Beyond Bouma's window: How to explain global aspects of crowding? PLOS Computational Biology, 15(5), e1006580. access at the journal website
- Stettler, M. & Francis, G. (2018). Using a model of human visual perception to improve deep learning. Neural Networks, 104, 40-49. Download from journal web site.
- Francis, G., Manassi, M. & Herzog, M.H. (2017). Neural dynamics of grouping and segmentation explain properties of visual crowding. Psychological Review, 124(4), 483-504. Source code and related files for the model are available at the Open Science Framework.
- Grzeczkowski, L., Clarke, A., Francis, G. & Herzog, M. H. (2017). About individual differences in vision Vision Research. Download from journal web site.
- Manassi, M., Hermens, F., Francis, G. & Herzog, M.H. (2015). Release of crowding by pattern completion. Journal of Vision, 15, doi: 10.1167/15.8.16.
- Francis, G. (2015). Contour erasure and filling-in: Old simulations account for most new observations. i-Perception, 6(2), 116-126. doi:10.1068/i0684 .
- Clarke, A. M., Herzog, M. H. & Francis, G. (2014). Visual crowding illustrates the inadequacy of local versus global and feedforward versus feedback distinctions in modelling visual perception. Frontiers in Psychology: Perception Science, 5, 1193. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01193.
- Francis, G. & Kim. J. (2012). Simulations of induced visual scene fading with boundary offset and filling-in. Vision Research, 62, 181-191. Download from journal web site.
- Kim. J. & Francis, G. (2011). Color selection, color capture, and afterimage filling-in. Journal of Vision, 11(3):22, Download from journal web site, doi:10.1167/11.3.23.
- Ruter, J., Francis, G., Frehe, P., & Herzog, M.H. (2011). Testing dynamical models of vision. Vision Research, 51, 343-351.
- Francis, G. & Wede, J. (2010). Properties of long-range illusory contours produced by offset-arcs. Perception, 30, 1466-1475.
- Francis, G., Bias, K. & Shive, J. (2010). The psychological four color mapping problem. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. 16, 109-123.
- Francis, G. (2010). Modeling filling-in of afterimages. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 72, 19-22.
- Dombrowe, I., Hermens, F., Francis, G., & Herzog, M. H. (2009). The roles of mask luminance and perceptual grouping in visual backward masking. Journal of Vision, 9(11):22, 1-11, Download from journal web site, doi:10.1167/9.11.22.
- Hermens, F., Herzog, M.H. & Francis, G. (2009). Combining simultaneous with temporal masking. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35(4), 977-988.
- Francis, G. (2009). Cortical dynamics of figure-ground segmentation: Shine-through. Vision Research, 49, 140-163. Download from Elsevier
- Francis, G. & Cho, Y. (2008). Effects of temporal integration on the shape of visual backward masking functions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 34, 1116-1128.
- Van Horn, D. R. & Francis, G. (2007). Orientation tuning of a two-stimulus afterimage: Implications for theories of filling-in. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 3, 375-387. Available at the journal web site.
- Wede, J. & Francis, G. (2007). Attentional effects on afterimages: Theory and data. Vision Research, 47, 2249-2258. Download from Science Direct
- Ansorge, U., Francis, G., Herzog, M. H. & Ogmen, H. (2007). Visual masking and the dynamics of human perception, cognition, and consciousness: A century of progress, a contemporary synthesis, and future directions. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 3, 1-8. Available at the journal web site.
- Francis, G. & Cho, Y. (2007). Testing models of object substitution with backward masking. Perception & Psychophysics, 69, 263-275. Download from IngentaConnect.
- Francis, G. (2007). What should a quantitative model of masking look like and why would we want it? Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 3, 21-31. Available at the journal web site.
- Duangudom, V., Francis, G. & Herzog, M. H. (2007). What is the strength of a mask in visual metacontrast masking? Journal of Vision, 7, 1-10. doi: 10.1167/7.1.7. Available at the journal web site.
- Wede, J. & Francis, G. (2006). The time course of visual afterimages: Data and theory. Perception, 35, 1155-1170. Download from Perception web.
- Francis, G. & Cho, Y. (2005). Quantitative models of backward masking. In H. Ogmen & B. Breitmeyer (Eds.) The First Half Second: The Microgenesis and Temporal Dynamics of Unconscious and Conscious Visual Processes, MIT Press.
- Francis, G. & Schoonveld, W. (2005). Using afterimages for orientation and color to explore mechanisms of visual filling-in. Perception & Psychophysics, 67, 383-397. Download from Ingenta
- Pizlo, Z., Li, Y. & Francis, G. (2005) A new look at binocular stereopsis. Vision Research, 45, 2244-2255. Download from Elsevier
- Francis, G. & Ericson, J. (2004). Using afterimages to test neural mechanisms for perceptual filling-in. Neural Networks, 17, 737-752. Download from Science Direct.
- Francis, G., Rothmayer, M. & Hermens, F. (2004). Analysis and test of laws for backward (metacontrast) masking. Spatial Vision, 17, 163-186. Download PDF preprint.
- Francis, G. & Herzog, M. (2004). Testing quantitative models of backward masking. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11, 104-112. Download PDF preprint.
- Francis, G. (2003). Online simulations of models for backward masking. Behavior, Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 35, 512-519. Download PDF preprint. Try the model simulations.
- Francis, G. (2003). Developing a new quantitative account of backward masking. Cognitive Psychology, 46, 198-226. Download PDF.
- Francis, G. & Rothmayer, M. (2003). Interactions of afterimages for orientation and color: Experimental data and model simulations. Perception & Psychophysics, 65, 508-522. Download from IngentaConnect. See the afterimage.
- Francis, G. & Hermens, F. (2002). Comment on: Competition for consciousness among visual events: The psychophysics of reentrant visual processes, by Di Lollo, Enns and Rensink (2000). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131, 590-593. Download PDF preprint.
- Francis, G. (2002). Masking. In Lynn Nadel and Robert Goldstein (Eds.) , Encyclopedia of cognitive science. London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
- Francis, G. & Kim, H. (2001). Perceived motion in orientational afterimages: Direction and speed. Vision Research, 41, 161-172. Download PDF.
- Francis, G. (2000). Quantitative theories of metacontrast masking. Psychological Review, 107, 768-785. Download PDF preprint.
- Kim, H. & Francis, G. (2000). Perceived motion in complementary afterimages: Verification of a neural network theory. Spatial Vision, 13, 67-86. Download PDF.
- Francis, G. & Kim, H. (1999). Motion parallel to line orientation: Disambiguation of motion percepts. Perception, 28, 1243-1255. Download PDF
- Francis, G. (1999). Spatial frequency and visual persistence: Cortical reset. Spatial Vision, 12, 31-50.
- Kim, H. & Francis, G. (1998). A computational and perceptual account of motion lines. Perception, 27, 785-797. Download PDF
- Francis, G. (1998). Neural network dynamics of cortical inhibition: Metacontrast masking. Journal of Information Sciences, 107, 287--296.
- Francis, G. (1997). Cortical dynamics of lateral inhibition: Metacontrast masking. Psychological Review, 104, 572-594
- Francis, G. (1996). "Neural network dynamics of inhibition: Metacontrast masking." In M. Gasser (Ed.), Online Proceedings of the 1996 Midwest Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science Conference. URL http://www.cs.indiana.edu/event/maics96/Proceedings/Francis/francis.html
- Francis, G. (1996). Cortical dynamics of visual persistence and temporal integration. Perception & Psychophysics, 58, 1203-1212.
- Francis, G. (1996). Cortical dynamics of lateral inhibition: Visual persistence and ISI. Perception & Psychophysics, 58, 1103-1109.
- Francis, G. & Grossberg, S. (1996). Cortical dynamics of boundary segmentation and reset: Persistence, afterimages, and residual traces. Perception, 25, 543-567.
- Francis, G. & Grossberg, S. (1996). Cortical dynamcis of form and motion integration: Persistence, apparent motion, and illusory contours. Vision Research, 36, 149-174.
- Francis, G. (1995). Neural dynamics of cortical inhibition: Metacontrast masking. Proceedings of Second Annual Joint Conference on Information Sciences, 285--288.
- Francis, G. & Grossberg, S. (1994). How do representations of visual form organize our percepts of visual motion? Proceedings of the 1994 Cognitive Science Conference, 330-334.
- Francis, G., Grossberg, S., & Mingolla, E. (1994). Cortical dynamics of feature binding and reset: Control of visual persistence. Vision Research, 34 , 1089-1104.
- Francis, G. (1994). Cortical models of visual perception: Dynamics of form and motion segmentation. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Dissertation services.
- Francis, G., Grossberg, S., and Mingolla, E. (1993). Dynamic formation and reset of coherent visual segmentations by neural networks. In R. Mammone (Ed.) Artificial Neural Networks for Speech and Vision. London: Chapman & Hall.
Human-computer interaction
- Jakicic, V., Boyer, L. & Francis, G. (2022). Investigating a Computational Explanation of the Black Hole Illusion. International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, DOI: 10.1080/24721840.2022.2084096. Journal web site.
- Chang, M., Huang, L., You, X., Wang, P., Francis, G. & Proctor, R. W. (2021). The black hole illusion: A neglected source of aviation accidents. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 87(3), 103235, DOI: 10.1016/j.ergon.2021.103235. Journal web site.
- Zhang, X., Fang, K. & Francis, G. (2016). How to optimize switch virtual keyboards to trade off speed and accuracy. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications. 1: 6. doi:10.1186/s41235-016-0007-6. The software mentioned in the text is available at the Open Science Framework.
- Shive, J. & Francis, G. (2013). Choosing colors for map display icons using models of visual search. Human Factors: The Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 55, 373-396.
- Francis, G. & Johnson, E. (2011). Speed-accuracy tradeoffs in specialized keyboards. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 69, 526-538. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2011.04.002. Download from journal web site
- Francis, G., Rash, C. E. & Russo, M. B. (2009). The human-machine interface challenge. In (Eds. C.E. Rash, M.B. Russo, T.R Letowski, & E.T. Schmeisser), Helmet-Mounted Displays: Sensory, Perceptual and Cognitive Issues. U. S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory: Fort Rucker, AL. pp. 29--44.
- Francis, G. & Rash, C. E. (2009). Cognitive factors. In (Eds. C.E. Rash, M.B. Russo, T.R Letowski, & E.T. Schmeisser), Helmet-Mounted Displays: Sensory, Perceptual and Cognitive Issues. U. S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory: Fort Rucker, AL. pp. 29--44.
- Shive, J. & Francis, G. (2008). Applying models of visual search to map display design. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 66, 67-77. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2007.08.004. Download from Science Direct.
- Francis, G. & Oxtoby, C. (2006). Building and testing optimized keyboards for specific text entry. Human Factors, 48, 279-287.
- Francis, G., & Rash, C. (2005). Analysis and design of keyboards for the AH-64D helicopter. Fort Rucker, Alabama: US Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory. USAARL Report No. 2005-11. Download any USAARL Tech Report
- Francis, G. (2003). MFDTool: A software program for designing optimal multifunction displays. Behavior, Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 35, 236-243.
- Francis, G. & Rash, C. E. (2002). A software tool to optimize information on multifunction dispalys. Gateway, XIII, No. 3, pp. 3-4. Download any issue of Gateway.
- Francis, G., & Rash, C. E. (2002). MFDTool (Version 1.3): A software tool for optimizing hierarchical information on multifunction displays. USAARL Report, No. 2002-22. Fort Rucker, AL. U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory. [MFDTool home page.] Download any USAARL Tech Report
- Francis, G., Rash, C. E., LeDuc, P. A., Adam, G. E., Archie, S. L., Lewis, L. J., Reynolds, B. S., & Suggs, C. L. (2002). A comparison of AH-64 pilot attitudes toward traditional and glass cockpit crewstation designs. USAARL Report, No. 2002-21. Fort Rucker, AL. U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory. Download any USAARL Tech Report
- Liu, B., Francis, G. & Salvendy, G. (2002). Applying models of visual search to menu design. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 56, 307-330. Download PDF preprint.
- Francis, G. (2000). Designing multifunction displays: An optimization approach. International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics, 4, 107-124. Download PDF.
- Reardon, M. J. & Francis, G. (1999). Reducing the risk of aviator-multifunction display interface problems with human factor models and optimization design methods. SAFE Journal, 29, 100-106.
- Francis, G. (1999). A software tool for the design of multifunction displays. USAARL Report, No. 99-20. Fort Rucker, AL. U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory. [MFDTool home page.]
- Francis, G. (1998). Designing optimal hierarchies for information retrieval with multifunction displays. USAARL Report, No. 98-33. Fort Rucker, AL. U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory. Download any USAARL Tech Report
- Francis, G. (1997). Designing optimal hierarchies for information retrieval with multifunction displays. Final report DAAH04-96-C-0086, TCN 97065. U.S. Army Research Office.
- Francis, G. & Reardon, M. (1997). Aircraft multifunction display and control systems: A new quantitative human factors design method for organizing functions and display contents. USAARL Report, No. 97-18. Fort Rucker, AL. U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory. Download any USAARL Tech Report
- Francis, G. & Reardon, M. (1996). Multifunction display design: A review of human factors issues and a new quantitative design method. Final report DAAL03-91-C-0034, TCN 96-062. U. S. Army Research Office.
Misc.
- Francis, G. & Thunell, E. (2023). COVID-19 infection does not seem to affect cognition in college students. Consciousness & Cognition. PubMed Central
- Francis, G., Neath, I., & Surprenant, A. (2000). The cognitive psychology online laboratory. In M. H. Birnbaum (Ed.) Psychological Experiments on the Internet. Academic Press. Introduction.
- Stevenson, A., Francis, G., & Kim, H. (1999). Java experiments for introductory psychology courses. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31, 99-106. CogLab home page.
- Francis, G. (1996). The stability--plasticity dilemma in competitive learning. Purdue Mathematical Psychology Program, Technical Report No. 96-2.
- Francis, G. (1994a). Neural networks for short term pattern storage. In Proceedings of the 1994 World Congress on Neural Networks, II, 454-459.
- Francis, G. and Fuller, K. (1991). Using neural networks to solve coding theory problems. Journal of Undergraduate Mathematics, 23 , 55-58. pdf